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The Benefits of Norwegian Cod Liver Oil



There are so many benefits of Norwegian cod liver oil! The nutritional value is truly unique as it supplies numerous health advantages for anyone who consumes it.

Most fish oils are mostly heart healthy because of the omega 3 oils they contain, but CLO offers so much more Perhaps its time to take another look at what the rich oil can do for you!

taking cod liver oil by the spoonful image

Most people choose to take supplements but some people still prefer taking it by the spoonful. If you’ve ever gotten the fish burps, you can easily get rid of these by trying a few different methods. One of them is bound to work for you!

Books published in the 1930s and 1940s routinely recommended Norwegian cod liver oil, starting with 1 teaspoon at the age of three weeks. Dr. Spock, author of the book 'Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care' started recommending vaccinations instead of giving cod liver oil. (You can read an article about How Dr. Spock Destroyed America here. Its interesting and does have its legitimate points!)

Before that time, cod liver oil was given to children at an early age because it prevented and treated so many different conditions! However, as societies became modernized, many parents were persuaded to vaccinate their children. After all, supplements weren’t available at that time, and giving a child cod liver oil by the spoonful was a tremendous task for parents because it tasted so awful!

As society has strayed away from older practices, more diseases are prevalent today than at any other time. Maybe we should reconsider the complexity of modern times and find our way back to simpler ‘natural’ ways of handling our health problems!

In northern latitudes (Iowa), sunshine is too diminished in the winter to generate sufficient amounts of vitamin D naturally. At the beginning of the last century, it was standard practice to give breastfed infants a teaspoon of Norwegian cod liver oil, which averaged 440 IU of vitamin D3 per day. When the use of using formula became popular, vitamin D was added to formula to prevent a deficiency. Since the 1970’s, women went back to breast feeding, but never resumed the practice of giving their babies dietary supplements.

giving cod liver oil image

CLO contains large amounts of both vitamin A and vitamin D. Duly noted: Vitamin A and vitamin D3 are both fat soluble vitamins, which means the vitamins can accumulate in your body. If too much of these vitamins are consumed, it can lead to possible toxicity, which is not preferable. In the proper dosages however, vitamin A improves your skin and helps with vision problems. Vitamin D builds strong bones in children and helps prevent osteoporosis in adults.

The Benefits of Norwegian Cod Liver Oil



  • Because of its high vitamin D content, cod liver oil can help prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, improve osteoporosis at any stage, improve bone mineral density in women especially, and improve muscle pain, muscle strength and bone pain.

  • The omega fatty acids found in Norwegian cod liver oil help develop the brain and nervous system. If you want to help prevent learning disabilities in your children, give them cod liver oil at an early age. You can disguise it in juice or baby foods. Remember, children aren’t born not liking the different tastes of different foods. Instead they develop dislikes for certain foods by their surroundings, which means your attitudes.

    What makes cod liver oil so unique is that it contains an elongated form of omega 3 fatty acids called EPA and DHA. EPA helps form prostaglandins, (localized tissue hormones) that assist inflammation of the body, and DHA assists in the development and function of the brain and nervous system.

    Researchers funded by Great Britain's Arthritis Research Campaign found that the elongated omega 3 fatty acids in CLO reduced both pain and damage from arthritis in inflamed joints.

    In numerous other studies, the elongated omega 3 fats were shown to improve brain function, memory, stress response, immune response, allergies, asthma, learning and behavioral disorders, including bipolar syndrome and even manic depression.

  • Cod liver oil improves heart function and helps prevent heart disease. It can also be taken in advanced stages of many heart conditions, like after a heart attack and after heart surgery.

    Omega fatty acids improve the structure of artery walls and vitamin A, D and K improve the elasticity of blood vessels. They also increase seratonin levels, which helps relax heart muscles. In a study with rats, treatment with CLO decreased atheroma's (plague build up) and enlarged blood vessel diameter. Dr. Weston Price noted that heart attack deaths increased during periods when the vitamin A content of the diet was low.

  • Many of the conditions helped by taking Norwegian cod liver oil are considered to be related to what's called Syndrome X. These include obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. Evidence is accumulating that these diseases of modern times are the result of higher levels of omega 6 fatty acids and lower levels of omega 3 fatty acids, along with deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins. You can find a good article about Syndrome X here.

  • Another of the benefits of cod liver oil is that it can be used as a purgative, to help to maintain regular bowel movements.

  • CLO helps maintain synovial fluids which lubricate joints between bones and tissues.

  • Vitamin D, found abundantly in CLO, was used to treat a variety of skin diseases including psoriasis in the 1930s. However, it was not until the mid 1980s that the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in skin diseases reemerged. A dramatic improvement was seen in psoriatic lesions in patients receiving oral 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 to treat severe osteoporosis.

  • Use Norwegian cod liver oil to help prevent colds and build immunity. CLO helps your body resist bacterial and viral infections. In a 2002 study in children (Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002 Jul;111(7 Pt 1):642-52), CLO plus selenium supplementation proved to decrease the amount of antibiotics necessary to treat ear infections in children as compared to results before supplementation.

    Another study in 2004 (Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2004 Nov;113(11):891-901) showed that children supplemented with CLO had fewer upper respiratory infections, resulting in fewer pediatric visits over time.

    cod liver oil newspaper advertisement imageIn another study, the effect of daily Norwegian cod liver oil versus a multivitamin-mineral supplement with selenium were tested on pediatric patients who suffered from upper respiratory tract illnesses. The patients tested were inner-city, Latino patients at randomized pediatric sites. The study was done from late autumn of 2002 through early spring of 2003.

    Two private pediatric offices with similar demographics, located 1.1 miles apart in upper Manhattan, New York City, were randomized to a supplementation site and a medical records control site. Ninety-four children (47 at each site), 6 months to 5 years of age, were enrolled.

    The supplements were well tolerated; per parental report, 70% of children completed the 5 - 6 month course of Norwegian cod liver oil. The use of CLO in treatment decreased upper respiratory tract pediatric visits over time.

    In the United States, a major concern among industry in the 1930's was the loss of productivity due to illness in the labor force of 36 million. It was estimated that 250 million working days were lost per year due to illness.

    Arthur Holmes, medical advisor to the E.L.Patch Compant in Boston, calculated that cold and respiratory illnesses cost American industries $494,836,363.68 per year (Holmes et al. 1936). According to the records, about half of the industrial absenteeism was due to respiratory illness. Holmes and colleagues conducted a trial using CLO among industrial workers in a factory in the American midwest. Over 300 workers received daily Norwegian cod liver oil but some were given no treatment. The trial included both clerical workers and light and heavy machine operators. The outcome of the study was that members in the treatment group had 40% lower absenteeism than the control group (Holmes et al. 1932).

    A larger trial involving 1800 workers and another with over 3000 workers were reported (Holmes et al. 1936), and these studies suggested that CLO therapy reduced industrial absenteeism by two-thirds.

    Cod liver oil, which was inexpensive, was considered to have tremendous value in saving millions of dollars in lost working days and lost productivity to American industry.

  • Women who take Norwegian cod liver oil during pregnancy, bear children with a lower the risk of for Type I diabetes. This benefit was found only in mothers taking Norwegian cod liver oil, not in mothers taking multivitamin supplements. CLO taken by nursing mothers improves the fatty acid profile in breast milk to promote optimal brain development and also increases levels of vitamin A to help prevent infections. Oddly, cod liver oil does not increase the vitamin D found in breast milk.

    Norwegian cod liver oil given to infants after birth and during the first year had no protective effect against Type I diabetes but it is an important source of nutrients for optimal infant health. In more than forty trials, vitamin A has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality of children. CLO was the supplement of choice in many of these trials.

    Maternal supplementation with long chain fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age.

    cod liver oil chart image

    Fig. 1. Scores on the K-ABC for children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil or corn oil during pregnancy and lactation. Values for the different subtests are shown. MPCOMP, Mental Processing Composite; SEQPROC, Sequential Processing; SIMPROC, Simultaneous Processing; NONVERB, Nonverbal Abilities.

  • Cod liver oil may help decrease gastrointestinal cancer risks. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk for cancer, particularly gastrointestinal tract cancer, according to the results of a study of men reported in the April 5 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

    What the study found was that with the first incremental increase in blood plasma levels of vitamin D, compared to a lower baseline, there was an associated 17 percent reduction in cancer incidence, a 29 percent reduction in cancer mortality and a 45 percent reduction in digestive system cancer mortality. There was also some reduced incidence of leukemia.

    The authors were quoted as saying, "The vitamin D supplementation necessary to achieve this (incremental increase) may be at least 1500IU/day." Current recommendations are adequate only to prevent the disease entity associated with a deficiency of vitamin D, or rickets.

    Sun exposure was one of the selected study determinants for calculating the expected serum (blood) vitamin D levels and was probably the most important source. The authors state, "If the promise of vitamin D holds, a brief walk in the sun may turn out to be a step toward cancer prevention." Furthermore, "Although melanomas (skin cancer) account for approximately 7000 deaths annually in males in the United States, 295,000 men die annually of all cancers. We estimate a 29 percent lower cancer mortality rate (i.e., 85,550 fewer deaths annually) if the predicted serum vitamin D levels are increased."

    It is thereby recommended that getting a regular dose of UVB exposure via the sun is good, but you shouldn't get sunburned. Sunlight (vitamin D) may substantially reduce your risk of certain cancers by as much as 45 percent. The rate for skin cancer may rise, but if the overall mortality rate drops even half the estimated amount of 85,550 per year and the mortality rate for melanoma doubles you are still talking about a net decrease in mortality of 28,775 mens' lives saved or about a 10 percent reduction for all cancer. While this study was directed at men only, a reasonable assumption is there is some benefit for women as well.

    Sunlight may not be the best or only way to get your vitamin D. Your location (depending on longitude and latitude) may not give you the sun exposure you need. Those at higher risk may need supplementation. Those in the high risk for deficiencies include: vegetarians, couch potatoes, women with closely spaced pregnancies, persons with fat malabsorption syndromes and surgical gall bladder removal, certain medications, diabetes, osteoporosis and the elderly. For those that are at high risk, be sure to get the vitamin D you need, which is 800 IU (international units) daily from supplements. If you use a Norwegian cod liver oil, keep track of how much you’re taking.

    cod liver oil advertisement image

  • CLO has been used in a number of trials with both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in adults. In both conditions, Norwegian cod liver oil improved glucose response and other markers of the disease. Vitamin A in cod liver oil promotes the proper healing of wounds and protects the retina of the eye, which are both problems for most diabetic patients.

  • Cod liver oil helps lower blood pressure rates induced by stress-elevated levels of cortisol. Cod liver oil given to rats reduced intraocular pressure suggesting a use in prevention and treatment of glaucoma. The vitamin D in cod liver oil promotes better absorption of calcium and magnesium, which also helps lower blood pressure.

  • Colitis responds more effectively to the elongated type of omega 3 fatty acids found in Norwegian cod liver oil than to medication. Cod liver oil can be the first protocol for colitis as well as irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease.

  • Topically applied, Norwegian cod liver oil promotes faster wound healing and improvement in skin quality. An excellent treatment for diaper rash and other skin problems or conditions is cod liver oil mixed with zinc oxide. And cod liver oil helps maintain soft skin and minimizes wrinkles.

  • Preventing or curing cavities is yet another of the many benefits of cod liver oil.

    Secondary dentine, (a lesser form of tubular dentine), is produced throughout life as a patching material where cavities have begun. Sometimes when cavities occur, production of secondary dentine can "heal" the decayed spot or rebuild portions of the tooth that have worn away. If vitamin D is adequate, secondary dentine will be well calcified. If vitamin D is lacking, dentine will be of poor quality or not present at all.

    There is some evidence that the mineralization of dentine may depend on calcium derived from saliva rather than from the blood. In other words, it is deposited from the exterior rather than the interior of the tooth. The calcium content of saliva doubled or even tripled when the diet contained adequate vitamin D from Norwegian cod liver oil.

  • The nutrients found in cod liver oil may help prevent cancer. Vitamin A has been part of every successful alternative cancer therapy so far. In a recent study in China, cod liver oil consumption was found to protect against childhood leukemia. In a study of Norwegian men and women, consumption of Norwegian cod liver oil was found to protect against lung cancer.

    Consuming more fish will not provide as many beneficial nutrient as consuming cod liver oil. Even in heavy fish eating populations, the addition of cod liver oil was shown to improve overall health and simply taking fish oil supplements is not the same as taking cod liver oil. One tablespoon of high quality Norwegian cod liver oil provides the same amount of elongated omega 3 fatty acids as are found in twelve 1,000 milligrams of regular fish oil capsules.cod liver oil advertisements image

    The vitamin D found in one tablespoon of Norwegian cod liver oil, is equal to one-half pound of fatty herring or sardines. Salmon oil has one-fifth the potency of cod liver oil.

    Cod Liver Oil Concerns



    One concern about taking Norwegian cod liver oil is the presence of contaminants of heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium and lead), PCB’s etc. All supplements in the US must be tested according to protocols laid out by the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) and be approved free of detectable levels of 32 contaminants before they can be imported into the US. Furthermore, mercury is water soluble and although it may be present in the flesh of fish, it is not present in the oil.

    cod liver oil 1910 mollers ad imageAnother concern is rancidity. Cod liver oil can become rancid if improperly handled. In a 1988 study, peroxide values (indicating rancidity) ranged from a low of 2 percent to a high of 44.7 percent. However, properly handled cod liver oil is relatively stable. It contains 21 percent saturated fatty acids and 57 percent monounsaturated fatty acids, which provides stability.

    The fishy smell of Norwegian cod liver oil is due to the presence of small amounts of fish protein and is not a sign of rancidity. To ensure that your cod liver oil is fresh, avoid buying large economy sizes or on-sale supplements.

    Instead, purchase pure Norwegian cod liver oil in small quantities in dark bottles. Keep cod liver oil in a cool dark place, such as your refrigerator. Cod liver oil need not be refrigerated after opening if it is used up quickly or within two months.

    Norwegian Cod Liver Oil Dosage

    Virtually all cod liver oil imported into the US comes from Norway. There are different grades of the oil, depending on vitamin levels. The lighter oil from the "top of the barrel" has a lower molecular weight, goes rancid more quickly, and has lower levels of vitamins, while the heavier oil, which sinks, is richer in vitamins.

    The heavier oil is referred to as high vitamin cod liver oil. It contains double the amounts of vitamin A and D as regular cod liver oil. Virtually all cod liver oil imported into the US is the lighter, "top of the barrel" variety. The Norwegians are very smart and keep the best for themselves!

    For most people, a safe dosage of Norwegian cod liver oil is approximately one teaspoon per 50 pounds of body weight per day. If you have concerns about taking CLO, please consult your physician before starting on it.

    Nutrients in 2 Tsp. Carlson Norwegian Cod Liver Oil

    DHA (DocosaHexaenoic Acid) 1000 to 1180 mg
    EPA (EicosaPentaenoic Acid) 680 to 1000 mg
    ALA (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) 80 to 100 mg
    Vitamin A 1600 IU
    Vitamin D 800 IU
    Vitamin E (natural d-alpha tocopherol and mixed tocopherols) 20 IU

    The History of Fish Oil Use

    1890 - Cod liver oil is used as a home remedy to treat rickets, rheumatism, tuberculosis and other ailments.

    1930 - Fish oil is used as a key ingredient in shortening.

    1950 - Dale Alexander publishes a book touting cod liver oil as an elixir for arthritis, earning him the nickname the "codfather."

    1970 - Researchers find that Greenland's Inuit have low levels of heart disease, likely because of diets rich in fish. It is one of the first associations between omega 3 fatty acids and good health.

    1990 - As studies increase on the benefits of omega 3's, more consumers start taking fish oil supplements made from a variety of fish.

    2000 - Aquaculture demands more and more fish oil. Today fish oil is injected into bread and tamales, among other foods.

    Cod Liver Salad (Tursamaksasalat)

    1 can of cod liver chunks, drained (reserve the oil), 1 small shallot, (chopped), one pickled cucumber, one finely chopped boiled egg, salt, and black pepper. Mix all the ingredients, add some of the reserved oil to make it moister if you want.

    How to Avoid Fish Burps from Omega 3 Oils

    Many people complain that taking fish oil supplements, gives them the ‘fish burps’ later on. The best way to avoid them is by:

  • Taking them along with your other supplements
  • Taking them with your meals
  • Keeping your fish oil in the freezer or refrigerator
  • Take your supplements 3 times a day instead of all at once

    Any of these suggestions will work but you can also just go the easy route and take enteric coated fish oil supplements. You can take these supplements whenever you like and not worry about getting fish burps ever!

    Whenever you think about the benefits of consuming Norwegian cod liver oil, remember the findings of Dr. Weston Price. He noted that he did not get good results from cod liver oil unless it was also taken with high-vitamin butter. Just why this is so is a matter of speculation, but it is known that the unsaturated fatty acids found in cod liver oil cannot be effectively assimilated and stored in the tissues without the presence of adequate saturated fatty acids. (the kind that butter would provide). The consumption of butter helps support cod liver oil therapy, but Dr. Price found that the combination of cod liver oil with high-vitamin butter, (from cows who graze green grass), was nothing short of miraculous, reversing tooth decay and in some cases, bringing patients back from the brink of death.

    Dr. Weston A. Price DDS was a Cleveland dentist, who has been called the "Charles Darwin" of Nutrition. Searching for the causes of dental decay and physical degeneration he observed daily in his dental practice, he turned from test tubes and microscopes to study "people with fine teeth" – the isolated "primitives."

    Traveling worldwide, Dr. Price found that straight teeth, freedom from tooth decay, stalwart bodies, resistance to disease, and fine characters were typical of primitives eating traditional diets.

    Dr. Price's classic volume Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects (1939) is available online. Its photographs illustrate in an unforgettable way that physical degeneration occurs when human groups abandon nourishing traditional diets in favor of modern convenience foods. You can find out more about Dr. Weston Price and his studies here.



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    Omega 3 Oils – To Improve Your Health

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